Trucking Workforce Improvement Act

Implementation of entry-level driver training final rules (81 FR 88732, CFR Part 380, 383, 384), H.R. 2830/S. 656/H.R. 8371/H.R. 5914: Veteran Improvement Commercial Driver License Act of 2023 (118th Congress; Expanded CDL training opportunities for Veterans) H.R. 3013: LICENSE Act of 2023 (118th Congress; Address skills testing delays by reducing administrative barriers to CDL) H.R. 1477/S. 722: Freedom to Invest in Tomorrow's Workforce Act (118th Congress; Allow 529 College Savings Plans to be used for CDL training) H.R. 471: SHIP IT Act (118th Congress; Allow for separate WIOA grant for entry-level truck driver training) H.R. 2450: Strengthening Supply Chains Through Truck Driver Incentives Act of 2023 (118th Congress - Income tax credits for truck drivers) H.R. 793: JOBS Act of 2023 (118th Congress - Increased eligibility for Pell Grants for short-term training programs) S. 161: JOBS Act of 2023 (118th Congress - Increased eligibility for Pell Grants for short-term training programs). H.R. 4738: Trucking Workforce Improvement Act (118th Congress - Repeal FMCSA Entry-Level Driver Training Standards) H.R. 6655, A Stronger Workforce for America Act (118th Congress - Reauthorize the WIOA program) Section 422 of Title IV of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2024 - Changes to the Safe Driver Apprenticeship Pilot Program (118th Congress) H.R. 1440/S. 694 - Modern, Clean, and Safe Trucks Act of 2023 (118th Congress - Eliminate Federal Excise Tax on Trucking Equipment) S.1034/H.R. 2367 - Truck Parking Safety Improvement Act (118th Congress - Increase access to safe truck parking) Generally: Improved funding for the Workforce Innovation Opportunity Act, Implementation of rules governing the FMCSA Drug and Alcohol Clearinghouse, Implementation of third-party examiners rules for CDL skills testing, Training Provider Eligibility for Veterans Affairs GI/Education Benefits

Client expense: Not reported · Firm income: Not reported

Government targets: Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, Labor, Dept of (DOL), SENATE

H.R.606 - To prohibit the use of Federal funds to study, propose, establish, implement, or enforce any mileage tax, including through the funding of a mileage tracking program. (Darrell Issa, R-CA-48) H.R.607 - To direct the Secretary of Transportation to revise regulations relating to child restraint systems, and for other purposes. (Raja Krishnamoorthi, D-IL-8) S.154 - A bill to prevent the theft of catalytic converters and other precious metal car parts, and for other purposes. (Amy Klobuchar, D-MN) House Version: H.R.621 - To prevent the theft of catalytic converters and other precious metal car parts, and for other purposes. (Jim Baird, R-IN-4) H.R.847 - To provide funding to State and local law enforcement agencies to combat auto theft and stolen automobile trafficking, and for other purposes. (Mike Sherrill, D-NJ-11) H.R.906 - To ensure consumers have access to data relating to their motor vehicles, critical repair information, and tools, and to provide them choices for the maintenance, service, and repair of their motor vehicles, and for other purposes. (Neal Dunn, R-FL-2) H.R.1707 - To amend title 35, United States Code, to provide for an exception from infringement for certain component parts of motor vehicles. (Darrell Issa, R-CA-48) S.1099 - A bill to support research, development, and other activities to develop innovative vehicle technologies, and for other purposes. (Gary Peters, D-MI) H.R.3039 - To prohibit the Administrator of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration from issuing a rule or regulation requiring certain vehicles to be equipped with speed limiting devices, and for other purposes. (Josh Brecheen, R-OK-2) H.R.3754 - To amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to repeal certain credits relating to alternative fuel vehicles. (Scott Perry, R-PA-10) S.2061 - A bill to require the Attorney General, in consultation with the Secretary of Transportation, to establish a task force to develop and implement strategies to deter, prevent, and combat the theft and trafficking of catalytic converters and other automobile parts that contain precious metals targeted by thieves. (Bob Menendez, D-NJ) H.R.4738 - To repeal the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration's rule titled "Minimum Training Requirements for Entry-Level Commercial Motor Vehicle Operators". (Bob Good, R-VA-5) H.R.4761 - To amend title 49, United States Code, to provide additional safety measures for motor vehicles, and for other purposes. (Tim Walberg, R-MI-5) S.2671 - A bill to prohibit the Administrator of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration from issuing a rule or promulgating a regulation requiring certain vehicles to be equipped with speed limiting devices, and for other purposes. (Steve Daines, R-MT) H.R.6670 - To direct the Secretary of Transportation to issue certain regulations with respect to the minimum age of a driver of a commercial motor vehicle, and for other purposes. (Ashley Hinson, R-IA-2) H.R.6896 - To require a briefing on the national security threats associated with Chinese autonomous ground vehicles operating in the United States. (Elissa Slotkin, D-MI-7) S.3475 - To amend title 49, United States Code, to allow the Secretary of Transportation to designate an authorized operator of the commercial driver's license information system, and for other purposes. (Gary Peters, D-MI) S.4053 - A bill to prohibit the sale, lease, or loan of used motor vehicles with open recalls to consumers by auto dealers. (Dick Blumenthal, D-CT) S.4299 - A bill to require the Secretary of Transportation to issue a rule relating to the collection of crashworthiness information under the New Car Assessment Program of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, and for other purposes. (Deb Fischer, R-NE) S.4314 - A bill to establish the position of National Roadway Safety Advocate within the Department of Transportation, and for other purposes. (Ben Ray Lujan, D-NM) House Version: H.R.8349 - To establish the position of National Roadway Safety Advocate within the Department of Transportation, and for other purposes. (Steve Cohen, D-TN-9) H.R.8585 - To establish a National Auto Theft Bureau within the Department of Justice. H.R.8809 - To establish a national motor carrier safety selection standard for entities that contract with certain motor carriers to transport goods, and for other purposes. H.R.9289 - To direct the Secretary of Defense to establish a Connected Vehicle Cybersecurity Center in the Department of Defense, and for other purposes. (Elissa Slotkin, D-MI-7) H.R.9408 - To amend title 49, United States Code, to establish certain safety standards and disclose certain information relating to pedestrians and motor vehicles, and for other purposes. (Mary Gary Scanlon, D-PA-5)

H.R.3356 - the Motor Carrier Safety Screening Modernization Act; H.R.3869 - the Trucker Bathroom Access Act; H.R.3039/S.2671, the DRIVE Act; H.R.4738 - the Trucking Workforce Improvement Act; H.R.915/S.2426 - the Motor Carrier Safety Selection Standards Act;. H.R. 6670 - The Real Trucking Act; and H.R. 6684 - Fair Compensation for Truck Crash Victims Act. Other Trucking issues include Hazardous Materials, Government Traffic, Hours of Service, Public Private Partnerships, Tolling, Background Check, Highway Funding, Transportation Worker ID, Fuel Supply and Cost Issues, Economic Issues and Federal Pre-emption

Client expense: $700,000 · Firm income: Not reported

H.R.606 - To prohibit the use of Federal funds to study, propose, establish, implement, or enforce any mileage tax, including through the funding of a mileage tracking program. (Darrell Issa, R-CA-48) H.R.607 - To direct the Secretary of Transportation to revise regulations relating to child restraint systems, and for other purposes. (Raja Krishnamoorthi, D-IL-8) S.154 - A bill to prevent the theft of catalytic converters and other precious metal car parts, and for other purposes. (Amy Klobuchar, D-MN) House Version: H.R.621 - To prevent the theft of catalytic converters and other precious metal car parts, and for other purposes. (Jim Baird, R-IN-4) H.R.847 - To provide funding to State and local law enforcement agencies to combat auto theft and stolen automobile trafficking, and for other purposes. (Mike Sherrill, D-NJ-11) H.R.906 - To ensure consumers have access to data relating to their motor vehicles, critical repair information, and tools, and to provide them choices for the maintenance, service, and repair of their motor vehicles, and for other purposes. (Neal Dunn, R-FL-2) H.R.1707 - To amend title 35, United States Code, to provide for an exception from infringement for certain component parts of motor vehicles. (Darrell Issa, R-CA-48) S.1099 - A bill to support research, development, and other activities to develop innovative vehicle technologies, and for other purposes. (Gary Peters, D-MI) H.R.3039 - To prohibit the Administrator of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration from issuing a rule or regulation requiring certain vehicles to be equipped with speed limiting devices, and for other purposes. (Josh Brecheen, R-OK-2) H.R.3754 - To amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to repeal certain credits relating to alternative fuel vehicles. (Scott Perry, R-PA-10) S.2061 - A bill to require the Attorney General, in consultation with the Secretary of Transportation, to establish a task force to develop and implement strategies to deter, prevent, and combat the theft and trafficking of catalytic converters and other automobile parts that contain precious metals targeted by thieves. (Bob Menendez, D-NJ) H.R.4738 - To repeal the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration's rule titled "Minimum Training Requirements for Entry-Level Commercial Motor Vehicle Operators". (Bob Good, R-VA-5) H.R.4761 - To amend title 49, United States Code, to provide additional safety measures for motor vehicles, and for other purposes. (Tim Walberg, R-MI-5) S.2671 - A bill to prohibit the Administrator of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration from issuing a rule or promulgating a regulation requiring certain vehicles to be equipped with speed limiting devices, and for other purposes. (Steve Daines, R-MT) H.R.6670 - To direct the Secretary of Transportation to issue certain regulations with respect to the minimum age of a driver of a commercial motor vehicle, and for other purposes. (Ashley Hinson, R-IA-2) H.R.6896 - To require a briefing on the national security threats associated with Chinese autonomous ground vehicles operating in the United States. (Elissa Slotkin, D-MI-7) S.3475 - To amend title 49, United States Code, to allow the Secretary of Transportation to designate an authorized operator of the commercial driver's license information system, and for other purposes. (Gary Peters, D-MI) S.4053 - A bill to prohibit the sale, lease, or loan of used motor vehicles with open recalls to consumers by auto dealers. (Dick Blumenthal, D-CT) S.4299 - A bill to require the Secretary of Transportation to issue a rule relating to the collection of crashworthiness information under the New Car Assessment Program of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, and for other purposes. (Deb Fischer, R-NE) S.4314 - A bill to establish the position of National Roadway Safety Advocate within the Department of Transportation, and for other purposes. (Ben Ray Lujan, D-NM) House Version: H.R.8349 - To establish the position of National Roadway Safety Advocate within the Department of Transportation, and for other purposes. (Steve Cohen, D-TN-9) H.R.8585 - To establish a National Auto Theft Bureau within the Department of Justice. H.R.8809 - To establish a national motor carrier safety selection standard for entities that contract with certain motor carriers to transport goods, and for other purposes.

H.R.3356 - the Motor Carrier Safety Screening Modernization Act; H.R.3869 - the Trucker Bathroom Access Act; H.R.3039/S.2671, the DRIVE Act; H.R.4738 - the Trucking Workforce Improvement Act; and H.R.915/S.2426 - the Motor Carrier Safety Selection Standards Act. Other Trucking issues include Hazardous Materials, Government Traffic, Hours of Service, Public Private Partnerships, Tolling, Background Check, Highway Funding, Transportation Worker ID, Fuel Supply and Cost Issues, Economic Issues and Federal Pre-emption

Client expense: $820,000 · Firm income: Not reported

Implementation of entry-level driver training final rules (81 FR 88732, CFR Part 380, 383, 384), H.R. 2830/S. 656/H.R. 8371/H.R. 5914: Veteran Improvement Commercial Driver License Act of 2023 (118th Congress; Expanded CDL training opportunities for Veterans) H.R. 3013: LICENSE Act of 2023 (118th Congress; Address skills testing delays by reducing administrative barriers to CDL) H.R. 1477/S. 722: Freedom to Invest in Tomorrow's Workforce Act (118th Congress; Allow 529 College Savings Plans to be used for CDL training) H.R. 471: SHIP IT Act (118th Congress; Allow for separate WIOA grant for entry-level truck driver training) H.R. 2450: Strengthening Supply Chains Through Truck Driver Incentives Act of 2023 (118th Congress - Income tax credits for truck drivers) H.R. 793: JOBS Act of 2023 (118th Congress - Increased eligibility for Pell Grants for short-term training programs) S. 161: JOBS Act of 2023 (118th Congress - Increased eligibility for Pell Grants for short-term training programs). H.R. 4738: Trucking Workforce Improvement Act (118th Congress - Repeal FMCSA Entry-Level Driver Training Standards) H.R. 6655, A Stronger Workforce for America Act (118th Congress - Reauthorize the WIOA program) Section 422 of Title IV of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2024 - Changes to the Safe Driver Apprenticeship Pilot Program (118th Congress) H.R. 1440/S. 694 - Modern, Clean, and Safe Trucks Act of 2023 (118th Congress - Eliminate Federal Excise Tax on Trucking Equipment) S.1034/H.R. 2367 - Truck Parking Safety Improvement Act (118th Congress - Increase access to safe truck parking) Generally: Improved funding for the Workforce Innovation Opportunity Act, Implementation of rules governing the FMCSA Drug and Alcohol Clearinghouse, Implementation of third-party examiners rules for CDL skills testing, Training Provider Eligibility for Veterans Affairs GI/Education Benefits

Implementation of entry-level driver training final rules (81 FR 88732, CFR Part 380, 383, 384), H.R. 2830/S. 656: Veteran Improvement Commercial Driver License Act of 2023 (118th Congress; Expanded CDL training opportunities for Veterans) H.R. 3013: LICENSE Act of 2023 (118th Congress; Address skills testing delays by reducing administrative barriers to CDL) S. 722: Freedom to Invest in Tomorrow's Workforce Act (118th Congress; Allow 529 College Savings Plans to be used for CDL training) H.R. 471: SHIP IT Act (118th Congress; Allow for separate WIOA grant for entry-level truck driver training) H.R. 2450: Strengthening Supply Chains Through Truck Driver Incentives Act of 2023 (118th Congress - Income tax credits for truck drivers) H.R. 793: JOBS Act of 2023 (118th Congress - Increased eligibility for Pell Grants for short-term training programs) S. 161: JOBS Act of 2023 (118th Congress - Increased eligibility for Pell Grants for short-term training programs). H.R. 4738: Trucking Workforce Improvement Act (118th Congress - Repeal FMCSA Entry-Level Driver Training Standards) H.R. 6655, A Stronger Workforce for America Act (118th Congress - Reauthorize the WIOA program) Section 422 of Title IV of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2024 - Changes to the Safe Driver Apprenticeship Pilot Program (118th Congress) H.R. 1440/S. 694 - Modern, Clean, and Safe Trucks Act of 2023 (118th Congress - Eliminate Federal Excise Tax on Trucking Equipment) S.1034/H.R. 2367 - Truck Parking Safety Improvement Act (118th Congress - Increase access to safe truck parking) Generally: Improved funding for the Workforce Innovation Opportunity Act, Implementation of rules governing the FMCSA Drug and Alcohol Clearinghouse, Implementation of third-party examiners rules for CDL skills testing, Training Provider Eligibility for Veterans Affairs GI/Education Benefits

H.R. 3013 / S. 1649 - The LICENSE Act; H.R.3869, the Trucker Bathroom Access Act; H.R.3356, the Motor Carrier Safety Screening Modernization Act; H.R.3039/S.2671, the DRIVE Act; H.R.4738, the Trucking Workforce Improvement Act; and H.R.915/S.2426, the Motor Carrier Safety Selection Standards Act. Other Trucking issues include Hazardous Materials, Government Traffic, Hours of Service, Public Private Partnerships, Tolling, Background Check, Highway Funding, Transportation Worker ID, Fuel Supply and Cost Issues, Economic Issues and Federal Pre-emption

Client expense: $650,000 · Firm income: Not reported

H.R.606 - To prohibit the use of Federal funds to study, propose, establish, implement, or enforce any mileage tax, including through the funding of a mileage tracking program. (Darrell Issa, R-CA-48) H.R.607 - To direct the Secretary of Transportation to revise regulations relating to child restraint systems, and for other purposes. (Raja Krishnamoorthi, D-IL-8) S.154 - A bill to prevent the theft of catalytic converters and other precious metal car parts, and for other purposes. (Amy Klobuchar, D-MN) House Version: H.R.621 - To prevent the theft of catalytic converters and other precious metal car parts, and for other purposes. (Jim Baird, R-IN-4) H.R.847 - To provide funding to State and local law enforcement agencies to combat auto theft and stolen automobile trafficking, and for other purposes. (Mike Sherrill, D-NJ-11) H.R.906 - To ensure consumers have access to data relating to their motor vehicles, critical repair information, and tools, and to provide them choices for the maintenance, service, and repair of their motor vehicles, and for other purposes. (Neal Dunn, R-FL-2) H.R.1707 - To amend title 35, United States Code, to provide for an exception from infringement for certain component parts of motor vehicles. (Darrell Issa, R-CA-48) S.1099 - A bill to support research, development, and other activities to develop innovative vehicle technologies, and for other purposes. (Gary Peters, D-MI) H.R.3039 - To prohibit the Administrator of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration from issuing a rule or regulation requiring certain vehicles to be equipped with speed limiting devices, and for other purposes. (Josh Brecheen, R-OK-2) H.R.3754 - To amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to repeal certain credits relating to alternative fuel vehicles. (Scott Perry, R-PA-10) S.2061 - A bill to require the Attorney General, in consultation with the Secretary of Transportation, to establish a task force to develop and implement strategies to deter, prevent, and combat the theft and trafficking of catalytic converters and other automobile parts that contain precious metals targeted by thieves. (Bob Menendez, D-NJ) H.R.4738 - To repeal the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration's rule titled "Minimum Training Requirements for Entry-Level Commercial Motor Vehicle Operators". (Bob Good, R-VA-5) H.R.4761 - To amend title 49, United States Code, to provide additional safety measures for motor vehicles, and for other purposes. (Tim Walberg, R-MI-5) S.2671 - A bill to prohibit the Administrator of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration from issuing a rule or promulgating a regulation requiring certain vehicles to be equipped with speed limiting devices, and for other purposes. (Steve Daines, R-MT) H.R.6670 - To direct the Secretary of Transportation to issue certain regulations with respect to the minimum age of a driver of a commercial motor vehicle, and for other purposes. (Ashley Hinson, R-IA-2) H.R.6896 - To require a briefing on the national security threats associated with Chinese autonomous ground vehicles operating in the United States. (Elissa Slotkin, D-MI-7) S.3475 - To amend title 49, United States Code, to allow the Secretary of Transportation to designate an authorized operator of the commercial driver's license information system, and for other purposes. (Gary Peters, D-MI) S.4053 - A bill to prohibit the sale, lease, or loan of used motor vehicles with open recalls to consumers by auto dealers. (Dick Blumenthal, D-CT)

H.R.606 - To prohibit the use of Federal funds to study, propose, establish, implement, or enforce any mileage tax, including through the funding of a mileage tracking program. (Darrell Issa, R-CA-48) H.R.607 - To direct the Secretary of Transportation to revise regulations relating to child restraint systems, and for other purposes. (Raja Krishnamoorthi, D-IL-8) S.154 - A bill to prevent the theft of catalytic converters and other precious metal car parts, and for other purposes. (Amy Klobuchar, D-MN) House Version: H.R.621 - To prevent the theft of catalytic converters and other precious metal car parts, and for other purposes. (Jim Baird, R-IN-4) H.R.847 - To provide funding to State and local law enforcement agencies to combat auto theft and stolen automobile trafficking, and for other purposes. (Mike Sherrill, D-NJ-11) H.R.906 - To ensure consumers have access to data relating to their motor vehicles, critical repair information, and tools, and to provide them choices for the maintenance, service, and repair of their motor vehicles, and for other purposes. (Neal Dunn, R-FL-2) H.R.1707 - To amend title 35, United States Code, to provide for an exception from infringement for certain component parts of motor vehicles. (Darrell Issa, R-CA-48) S.1099 - A bill to support research, development, and other activities to develop innovative vehicle technologies, and for other purposes. (Gary Peters, D-MI) H.R.3039 - To prohibit the Administrator of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration from issuing a rule or regulation requiring certain vehicles to be equipped with speed limiting devices, and for other purposes. (Josh Brecheen, R-OK-2) H.R.3754 - To amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to repeal certain credits relating to alternative fuel vehicles. (Scott Perry, R-PA-10) S.2061 - A bill to require the Attorney General, in consultation with the Secretary of Transportation, to establish a task force to develop and implement strategies to deter, prevent, and combat the theft and trafficking of catalytic converters and other automobile parts that contain precious metals targeted by thieves. (Bob Menendez, D-NJ) H.R.4738 - To repeal the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration's rule titled "Minimum Training Requirements for Entry-Level Commercial Motor Vehicle Operators". (Bob Good, R-VA-5) H.R.4761 - To amend title 49, United States Code, to provide additional safety measures for motor vehicles, and for other purposes. (Tim Walberg, R-MI-5) S.2671 - A bill to prohibit the Administrator of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration from issuing a rule or promulgating a regulation requiring certain vehicles to be equipped with speed limiting devices, and for other purposes. (Steve Daines, R-MT) H.R.6670 - To direct the Secretary of Transportation to issue certain regulations with respect to the minimum age of a driver of a commercial motor vehicle, and for other purposes. (Ashley Hinson, R-IA-2) H.R.6896 - To require a briefing on the national security threats associated with Chinese autonomous ground vehicles operating in the United States. (Elissa Slotkin, D-MI-7) S.3475 - To amend title 49, United States Code, to allow the Secretary of Transportation to designate an authorized operator of the commercial driver's license information system, and for other purposes. (Gary Peters, D-MI)

H.R.606 - To prohibit the use of Federal funds to study, propose, establish, implement, or enforce any mileage tax, including through the funding of a mileage tracking program. (Darrell Issa, R-CA-48) H.R.607 - To direct the Secretary of Transportation to revise regulations relating to child restraint systems, and for other purposes. (Raja Krishnamoorthi, D-IL-8) S.154 - A bill to prevent the theft of catalytic converters and other precious metal car parts, and for other purposes. (Amy Klobuchar, D-MN) House Version: H.R.621 - To prevent the theft of catalytic converters and other precious metal car parts, and for other purposes. (Jim Baird, R-IN-4) H.R.847 - To provide funding to State and local law enforcement agencies to combat auto theft and stolen automobile trafficking, and for other purposes. (Mike Sherrill, D-NJ-11) H.R.906 - To ensure consumers have access to data relating to their motor vehicles, critical repair information, and tools, and to provide them choices for the maintenance, service, and repair of their motor vehicles, and for other purposes. (Neal Dunn, R-FL-2) H.R.1707 - To amend title 35, United States Code, to provide for an exception from infringement for certain component parts of motor vehicles. (Darrell Issa, R-CA-48) S.1099 - A bill to support research, development, and other activities to develop innovative vehicle technologies, and for other purposes. (Gary Peters, D-MI) H.R.3039 - To prohibit the Administrator of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration from issuing a rule or regulation requiring certain vehicles to be equipped with speed limiting devices, and for other purposes. (Josh Brecheen, R-OK-2) H.R.3754 - To amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to repeal certain credits relating to alternative fuel vehicles. (Scott Perry, R-PA-10) S.2061 - A bill to require the Attorney General, in consultation with the Secretary of Transportation, to establish a task force to develop and implement strategies to deter, prevent, and combat the theft and trafficking of catalytic converters and other automobile parts that contain precious metals targeted by thieves. (Bob Menendez, D-NJ) H.R.4738 - To repeal the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration's rule titled "Minimum Training Requirements for Entry-Level Commercial Motor Vehicle Operators". (Bob Good, R-VA-5) H.R.4761 - To amend title 49, United States Code, to provide additional safety measures for motor vehicles, and for other purposes. (Tim Walberg, R-MI-5) S.2671 - A bill to prohibit the Administrator of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration from issuing a rule or promulgating a regulation requiring certain vehicles to be equipped with speed limiting devices, and for other purposes. (Steve Daines, R-MT)