WESTERN ORGANIZATION OF RESOURCE COUNCILS — Lobbying Disclosure | Poliscope

WESTERN ORGANIZATION OF RESOURCE COUNCILS

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Lobbying Spend

$219K

Filings

Firms Hired

Active Period

2007–2025

Lobbying Spend by Year

Client-reported lobbying expenses on LDA filings

Year	Lobbying Spend	Filings	Firms
2025	—	2	1
2024	—	4	1
2023	$8,650	4	1
2022	—	4	1
2021	—	4	1
2020	—	5	1
2019	—	4	1
2018	—	4	1
2017	$17,100	4	1
2016	$11,285	4	1
2015	—	4	1
2014	$5,972	4	1
2013	$21,836	5	1
2012	—	4	1
2011	$5,263	4	1
2010	$12,435	4	1
2009	$45,361	4	1
2008	$6,007	6	1
2007	$84,800	4	1

Hired Firms

Lobbying firms retained by this client; amounts are client-reported expenses when available

Firm Name	Reported Spend	Filings
WESTERN ORGANIZATION OF RESOURCE COUNCILS	$218,709	78

Government Bodies Lobbied

Government entities explicitly identified as targets in LDA filings

Government Body	Filings
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES	75
SENATE	75
Interior, Dept of (DOI)	44
Bureau of Land Management (BLM)	27
Agriculture, Dept of (USDA)	21
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)	15
Transportation, Dept of (DOT)	13
State, Dept of (DOS)	12
Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ)	10
Office of Surface Mining Reclamation & Enforcement	5
Energy, Dept of	3
Army, Dept of (Corps of Engineers)	2
Housing & Urban Development, Dept of (HUD)	2
Justice, Dept of (DOJ)	1
Office of Management & Budget (OMB)	1

Top Issues

Most frequently reported lobbying issues

Issue Code	Description	Reports
Energy/Nuclear	Energy/Nuclear	77
Agriculture	Agriculture	73
Clean Air and Water (quality)	Clean Air and Water (quality)	24
Natural Resources	Natural Resources	19
Transportation	Transportation	6
Trade (domestic/foreign)	Trade (domestic/foreign)	5
Fuel/Gas/Oil	Fuel/Gas/Oil	2
Waste (hazardous/solid/interstate/nuclear)	Waste (hazardous/solid/interstate/nuclear)	2
Food Industry (safety, labeling, etc.)	Food Industry (safety, labeling, etc.)	2
Environment/Superfund	Environment/Superfund	2
Government Issues	Government Issues	1
Law Enforcement/Crime/Criminal Justice	Law Enforcement/Crime/Criminal Justice	1

Bills Explicitly Cited (25)

Bill numbers found in source-reported LDA specific issue text; broad topic matches are excluded

H.R. 1946119th Congress

45Q Repeal Act of 2025

2025 · first_quarter · Firm: WESTERN ORGANIZATION OF RESOURCE COUNCILS

Open original LDA filing ↗

Cited source text and reported amounts

HR 1946 - 45Q Repeal Act S 239 - Crow Revenue Act S 362 - To allow certain Federal minerals to be mined consistent with the Bull Mountains Mining Plan Modification, and for other purposes. Issues other than legislation: Bureau of Land Management 2024 Fluid Mineral Leases and Leasing Process Rule

Client expense: — · Firm income: —

Matched citations: HR 1946

S. 239119th Congress

Crow Revenue Act

2025 · first_quarter · Firm: WESTERN ORGANIZATION OF RESOURCE COUNCILS

Open original LDA filing ↗

Cited source text and reported amounts

HR 1946 - 45Q Repeal Act S 239 - Crow Revenue Act S 362 - To allow certain Federal minerals to be mined consistent with the Bull Mountains Mining Plan Modification, and for other purposes. Issues other than legislation: Bureau of Land Management 2024 Fluid Mineral Leases and Leasing Process Rule

Client expense: — · Firm income: —

Matched citations: S 239

S. 362119th Congress

A bill to allow certain Federal minerals to be mined consistent with the Bull Mountains Mining Plan Modification, and for other purposes.

2025 · first_quarter · Firm: WESTERN ORGANIZATION OF RESOURCE COUNCILS

Open original LDA filing ↗

Cited source text and reported amounts

HR 1946 - 45Q Repeal Act S 239 - Crow Revenue Act S 362 - To allow certain Federal minerals to be mined consistent with the Bull Mountains Mining Plan Modification, and for other purposes. Issues other than legislation: Bureau of Land Management 2024 Fluid Mineral Leases and Leasing Process Rule

Client expense: — · Firm income: —

Matched citations: S 362

S. 421119th Congress

American Beef Labeling Act of 2025

2025 · first_quarter · Firm: WESTERN ORGANIZATION OF RESOURCE COUNCILS

Open original LDA filing ↗

Cited source text and reported amounts

S 421 - American Beef Labeling Act

Client expense: — · Firm income: —

Matched citations: S 421

Show 21 more cited filings

S. 4432118th Congress

A bill to allow certain Federal minerals to be mined consistent with the Bull Mountains Mining Plan Modification.

2024 · fourth_quarter · Firm: WESTERN ORGANIZATION OF RESOURCE COUNCILS

Open original LDA filing ↗

Cited source text and reported amounts

-HJR 154 - BLM Fluid Mineral Leasing Process Disapproval Resolution -S 4432 - Bill to allow certain Federal minerals to be mined consistent with the Bull Mountains Mining Plan Modification -S 4444 - Crow Revenue Act -S 4753 - Energy Permitting Reform Act -SJR 78 - BLM Fluid Mineral Leasing Process Disapproval Resolution

Client expense: — · Firm income: —

Matched citations: S 4432

S. 4444118th Congress

Crow Revenue Act

2024 · fourth_quarter · Firm: WESTERN ORGANIZATION OF RESOURCE COUNCILS

Open original LDA filing ↗

Cited source text and reported amounts

-HJR 154 - BLM Fluid Mineral Leasing Process Disapproval Resolution -S 4432 - Bill to allow certain Federal minerals to be mined consistent with the Bull Mountains Mining Plan Modification -S 4444 - Crow Revenue Act -S 4753 - Energy Permitting Reform Act -SJR 78 - BLM Fluid Mineral Leasing Process Disapproval Resolution

Client expense: — · Firm income: —

Matched citations: S 4444

S. 4753118th Congress

Energy Permitting Reform Act of 2024

2024 · fourth_quarter · Firm: WESTERN ORGANIZATION OF RESOURCE COUNCILS

Open original LDA filing ↗

Cited source text and reported amounts

-HJR 154 - BLM Fluid Mineral Leasing Process Disapproval Resolution -S 4432 - Bill to allow certain Federal minerals to be mined consistent with the Bull Mountains Mining Plan Modification -S 4444 - Crow Revenue Act -S 4753 - Energy Permitting Reform Act -SJR 78 - BLM Fluid Mineral Leasing Process Disapproval Resolution

Client expense: — · Firm income: —

Matched citations: S 4753

H.R. 5081118th Congress

Country of Origin Labeling Enforcement Act of 2023

2024 · third_quarter · Firm: WESTERN ORGANIZATION OF RESOURCE COUNCILS

Open original LDA filing ↗

Cited source text and reported amounts

-HJR 167 - Disapproving the Rule Submitted by USDA Relating to Mandatory Use of Electronic Identification Eartags in Cattle and Bison -HR 5081 - Country of Origin Labeling Enforcement Act -HR 9027 - Agriculture Appropriations Bill, Packers and Stockyards Act -S 52 - American Beef Labeling Act -S 4282 - Prohibiting Mandatory Use of Electronic Identification Eartags in Cattle and Bison -SJR 90 - Disapproving the Rule Submitted by USDA Relating to Mandatory Use of Electronic Identification Eartags in Cattle and Bison

Client expense: — · Firm income: —

Matched citations: HR 5081

H.R. 6129118th Congress

Studying NEPA’s Impact on Projects Act

2024 · third_quarter · Firm: WESTERN ORGANIZATION OF RESOURCE COUNCILS

Open original LDA filing ↗

Cited source text and reported amounts

-HJR 128 - EPA Standards of Performance for New, Reconstructed, and Modified Sources and Emissions Guidelines for Existing Sources: Oil and Natural Gas Sector -HJR 154 - BLM Fluid Mineral Leasing Process Disapproval Resolution -HJR 168 - Disapproving the Rule Submitted by the Council on Environmental Quality Relating to National Environmental Policy Act Implementation -HR 6129 - Studying NEPAs Impacts on Projects Act -HR 8998 - Department of Interior, Environment and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2025 - EPA methane rider -S 4431 - Bill to reinstate the Bull Mountains Mining Plan Modification -S 4432 - Bill to allow certain Federal minerals to be mined consistent with the Bull Mountains Mining Plan Modification -S 4444 - Crow Revenue Act -S 4753 - Energy Permitting Reform Act -SJR 71 - EPA Standards of Performance for New, Reconstructed, and Modified Sources and Emissions Guidelines for Existing Sources: Oil and Natural Gas Sector -SJR 78 - BLM Fluid Mineral Leasing Process Disapproval Resolution

Client expense: — · Firm income: —

Matched citations: HR 6129

H.R. 8998118th Congress

Department of the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2025

2024 · third_quarter · Firm: WESTERN ORGANIZATION OF RESOURCE COUNCILS

Open original LDA filing ↗

Cited source text and reported amounts

-HJR 128 - EPA Standards of Performance for New, Reconstructed, and Modified Sources and Emissions Guidelines for Existing Sources: Oil and Natural Gas Sector -HJR 154 - BLM Fluid Mineral Leasing Process Disapproval Resolution -HJR 168 - Disapproving the Rule Submitted by the Council on Environmental Quality Relating to National Environmental Policy Act Implementation -HR 6129 - Studying NEPAs Impacts on Projects Act -HR 8998 - Department of Interior, Environment and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2025 - EPA methane rider -S 4431 - Bill to reinstate the Bull Mountains Mining Plan Modification -S 4432 - Bill to allow certain Federal minerals to be mined consistent with the Bull Mountains Mining Plan Modification -S 4444 - Crow Revenue Act -S 4753 - Energy Permitting Reform Act -SJR 71 - EPA Standards of Performance for New, Reconstructed, and Modified Sources and Emissions Guidelines for Existing Sources: Oil and Natural Gas Sector -SJR 78 - BLM Fluid Mineral Leasing Process Disapproval Resolution

Client expense: — · Firm income: —

Matched citations: HR 8998

H.R. 9027118th Congress

Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2025

2024 · third_quarter · Firm: WESTERN ORGANIZATION OF RESOURCE COUNCILS

Open original LDA filing ↗

Cited source text and reported amounts

-HJR 167 - Disapproving the Rule Submitted by USDA Relating to Mandatory Use of Electronic Identification Eartags in Cattle and Bison -HR 5081 - Country of Origin Labeling Enforcement Act -HR 9027 - Agriculture Appropriations Bill, Packers and Stockyards Act -S 52 - American Beef Labeling Act -S 4282 - Prohibiting Mandatory Use of Electronic Identification Eartags in Cattle and Bison -SJR 90 - Disapproving the Rule Submitted by USDA Relating to Mandatory Use of Electronic Identification Eartags in Cattle and Bison

Client expense: — · Firm income: —

Matched citations: HR 9027

S. 4282118th Congress

A bill to prohibit the Secretary of Agriculture from implementing any rule or regulation requiring the mandatory use of electronic identification eartags on cattle and bison.

2024 · third_quarter · Firm: WESTERN ORGANIZATION OF RESOURCE COUNCILS

Open original LDA filing ↗

Cited source text and reported amounts

-HJR 167 - Disapproving the Rule Submitted by USDA Relating to Mandatory Use of Electronic Identification Eartags in Cattle and Bison -HR 5081 - Country of Origin Labeling Enforcement Act -HR 9027 - Agriculture Appropriations Bill, Packers and Stockyards Act -S 52 - American Beef Labeling Act -S 4282 - Prohibiting Mandatory Use of Electronic Identification Eartags in Cattle and Bison -SJR 90 - Disapproving the Rule Submitted by USDA Relating to Mandatory Use of Electronic Identification Eartags in Cattle and Bison

Client expense: — · Firm income: —

Matched citations: S 4282

S. 4431118th Congress

A bill to reinstate the Bull Mountains Mining Plan Modification, and for other purposes.

2024 · third_quarter · Firm: WESTERN ORGANIZATION OF RESOURCE COUNCILS

Open original LDA filing ↗

Cited source text and reported amounts

-HJR 128 - EPA Standards of Performance for New, Reconstructed, and Modified Sources and Emissions Guidelines for Existing Sources: Oil and Natural Gas Sector -HJR 154 - BLM Fluid Mineral Leasing Process Disapproval Resolution -HJR 168 - Disapproving the Rule Submitted by the Council on Environmental Quality Relating to National Environmental Policy Act Implementation -HR 6129 - Studying NEPAs Impacts on Projects Act -HR 8998 - Department of Interior, Environment and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2025 - EPA methane rider -S 4431 - Bill to reinstate the Bull Mountains Mining Plan Modification -S 4432 - Bill to allow certain Federal minerals to be mined consistent with the Bull Mountains Mining Plan Modification -S 4444 - Crow Revenue Act -S 4753 - Energy Permitting Reform Act -SJR 71 - EPA Standards of Performance for New, Reconstructed, and Modified Sources and Emissions Guidelines for Existing Sources: Oil and Natural Gas Sector -SJR 78 - BLM Fluid Mineral Leasing Process Disapproval Resolution

Client expense: — · Firm income: —

Matched citations: S 4431

S. 4432118th Congress

A bill to allow certain Federal minerals to be mined consistent with the Bull Mountains Mining Plan Modification.

2024 · third_quarter · Firm: WESTERN ORGANIZATION OF RESOURCE COUNCILS

Open original LDA filing ↗

Cited source text and reported amounts

-HJR 128 - EPA Standards of Performance for New, Reconstructed, and Modified Sources and Emissions Guidelines for Existing Sources: Oil and Natural Gas Sector -HJR 154 - BLM Fluid Mineral Leasing Process Disapproval Resolution -HJR 168 - Disapproving the Rule Submitted by the Council on Environmental Quality Relating to National Environmental Policy Act Implementation -HR 6129 - Studying NEPAs Impacts on Projects Act -HR 8998 - Department of Interior, Environment and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2025 - EPA methane rider -S 4431 - Bill to reinstate the Bull Mountains Mining Plan Modification -S 4432 - Bill to allow certain Federal minerals to be mined consistent with the Bull Mountains Mining Plan Modification -S 4444 - Crow Revenue Act -S 4753 - Energy Permitting Reform Act -SJR 71 - EPA Standards of Performance for New, Reconstructed, and Modified Sources and Emissions Guidelines for Existing Sources: Oil and Natural Gas Sector -SJR 78 - BLM Fluid Mineral Leasing Process Disapproval Resolution

Client expense: — · Firm income: —

Matched citations: S 4432

S. 4444118th Congress

Crow Revenue Act

2024 · third_quarter · Firm: WESTERN ORGANIZATION OF RESOURCE COUNCILS

Open original LDA filing ↗

Cited source text and reported amounts

-HJR 128 - EPA Standards of Performance for New, Reconstructed, and Modified Sources and Emissions Guidelines for Existing Sources: Oil and Natural Gas Sector -HJR 154 - BLM Fluid Mineral Leasing Process Disapproval Resolution -HJR 168 - Disapproving the Rule Submitted by the Council on Environmental Quality Relating to National Environmental Policy Act Implementation -HR 6129 - Studying NEPAs Impacts on Projects Act -HR 8998 - Department of Interior, Environment and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2025 - EPA methane rider -S 4431 - Bill to reinstate the Bull Mountains Mining Plan Modification -S 4432 - Bill to allow certain Federal minerals to be mined consistent with the Bull Mountains Mining Plan Modification -S 4444 - Crow Revenue Act -S 4753 - Energy Permitting Reform Act -SJR 71 - EPA Standards of Performance for New, Reconstructed, and Modified Sources and Emissions Guidelines for Existing Sources: Oil and Natural Gas Sector -SJR 78 - BLM Fluid Mineral Leasing Process Disapproval Resolution

Client expense: — · Firm income: —

Matched citations: S 4444

S. 4753118th Congress

Energy Permitting Reform Act of 2024

2024 · third_quarter · Firm: WESTERN ORGANIZATION OF RESOURCE COUNCILS

Open original LDA filing ↗

Cited source text and reported amounts

-HJR 128 - EPA Standards of Performance for New, Reconstructed, and Modified Sources and Emissions Guidelines for Existing Sources: Oil and Natural Gas Sector -HJR 154 - BLM Fluid Mineral Leasing Process Disapproval Resolution -HJR 168 - Disapproving the Rule Submitted by the Council on Environmental Quality Relating to National Environmental Policy Act Implementation -HR 6129 - Studying NEPAs Impacts on Projects Act -HR 8998 - Department of Interior, Environment and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2025 - EPA methane rider -S 4431 - Bill to reinstate the Bull Mountains Mining Plan Modification -S 4432 - Bill to allow certain Federal minerals to be mined consistent with the Bull Mountains Mining Plan Modification -S 4444 - Crow Revenue Act -S 4753 - Energy Permitting Reform Act -SJR 71 - EPA Standards of Performance for New, Reconstructed, and Modified Sources and Emissions Guidelines for Existing Sources: Oil and Natural Gas Sector -SJR 78 - BLM Fluid Mineral Leasing Process Disapproval Resolution

Client expense: — · Firm income: —

Matched citations: S 4753

S. 52118th Congress

American Beef Labeling Act of 2023

2024 · third_quarter · Firm: WESTERN ORGANIZATION OF RESOURCE COUNCILS

Open original LDA filing ↗

Cited source text and reported amounts

-HJR 167 - Disapproving the Rule Submitted by USDA Relating to Mandatory Use of Electronic Identification Eartags in Cattle and Bison -HR 5081 - Country of Origin Labeling Enforcement Act -HR 9027 - Agriculture Appropriations Bill, Packers and Stockyards Act -S 52 - American Beef Labeling Act -S 4282 - Prohibiting Mandatory Use of Electronic Identification Eartags in Cattle and Bison -SJR 90 - Disapproving the Rule Submitted by USDA Relating to Mandatory Use of Electronic Identification Eartags in Cattle and Bison

Client expense: — · Firm income: —

Matched citations: S 52

H.R. 5081118th Congress

Country of Origin Labeling Enforcement Act of 2023

2024 · second_quarter · Firm: WESTERN ORGANIZATION OF RESOURCE COUNCILS

Open original LDA filing ↗

Cited source text and reported amounts

-HR 5081 - Country of Origin Labeling Enforcement Act -HR 9027 - Agriculture Appropriations Bill, Packers and Stockyards Act -S 52 - American Beef Labeling Act -S. 557 - Opportunities for Fairness in Farming Act -S. 2792 - Strengthening Local Meat Economies Act

Client expense: — · Firm income: —

Matched citations: HR 5081

H.R. 9027118th Congress

Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2025

2024 · second_quarter · Firm: WESTERN ORGANIZATION OF RESOURCE COUNCILS

Open original LDA filing ↗

Cited source text and reported amounts

-HR 5081 - Country of Origin Labeling Enforcement Act -HR 9027 - Agriculture Appropriations Bill, Packers and Stockyards Act -S 52 - American Beef Labeling Act -S. 557 - Opportunities for Fairness in Farming Act -S. 2792 - Strengthening Local Meat Economies Act

Client expense: — · Firm income: —

Matched citations: HR 9027

S. 2792118th Congress

Strengthening Local Meat Economies Act of 2023

2024 · second_quarter · Firm: WESTERN ORGANIZATION OF RESOURCE COUNCILS

Open original LDA filing ↗

Cited source text and reported amounts

-HR 5081 - Country of Origin Labeling Enforcement Act -HR 9027 - Agriculture Appropriations Bill, Packers and Stockyards Act -S 52 - American Beef Labeling Act -S. 557 - Opportunities for Fairness in Farming Act -S. 2792 - Strengthening Local Meat Economies Act

Client expense: — · Firm income: —

Matched citations: S. 2792

S. 4431118th Congress

A bill to reinstate the Bull Mountains Mining Plan Modification, and for other purposes.

2024 · second_quarter · Firm: WESTERN ORGANIZATION OF RESOURCE COUNCILS

Open original LDA filing ↗

Cited source text and reported amounts

-S. 4431 - Bill to reinstate the Bull Mountains Mining Plan Modification -S. 4432 - Bill to allow certain Federal minerals to be mined consistent with the Bull Mountains Mining Plan Modification -S. 4444 - Crow Revenue Act -HJR 128 - EPA Standards of Performance for New, Reconstructed, and Modified Sources and Emissions Guidelines for Existing Sources: Oil and Natural Gas Sector -HJR 154 - BLM Fluid Mineral Leasing Process Disapproval Resolution -SJR 71 -- EPA Standards of Performance for New, Reconstructed, and Modified Sources and Emissions Guidelines for Existing Sources: Oil and Natural Gas Sector -SJR 78 - BLM Fluid Mineral Leasing Process Disapproval Resolution

Client expense: — · Firm income: —

Matched citations: S. 4431

S. 4432118th Congress

A bill to allow certain Federal minerals to be mined consistent with the Bull Mountains Mining Plan Modification.

2024 · second_quarter · Firm: WESTERN ORGANIZATION OF RESOURCE COUNCILS

Open original LDA filing ↗

Cited source text and reported amounts

-S. 4431 - Bill to reinstate the Bull Mountains Mining Plan Modification -S. 4432 - Bill to allow certain Federal minerals to be mined consistent with the Bull Mountains Mining Plan Modification -S. 4444 - Crow Revenue Act -HJR 128 - EPA Standards of Performance for New, Reconstructed, and Modified Sources and Emissions Guidelines for Existing Sources: Oil and Natural Gas Sector -HJR 154 - BLM Fluid Mineral Leasing Process Disapproval Resolution -SJR 71 -- EPA Standards of Performance for New, Reconstructed, and Modified Sources and Emissions Guidelines for Existing Sources: Oil and Natural Gas Sector -SJR 78 - BLM Fluid Mineral Leasing Process Disapproval Resolution

Client expense: — · Firm income: —

Matched citations: S. 4432

S. 4444118th Congress

Crow Revenue Act

2024 · second_quarter · Firm: WESTERN ORGANIZATION OF RESOURCE COUNCILS

Open original LDA filing ↗

Cited source text and reported amounts

-S. 4431 - Bill to reinstate the Bull Mountains Mining Plan Modification -S. 4432 - Bill to allow certain Federal minerals to be mined consistent with the Bull Mountains Mining Plan Modification -S. 4444 - Crow Revenue Act -HJR 128 - EPA Standards of Performance for New, Reconstructed, and Modified Sources and Emissions Guidelines for Existing Sources: Oil and Natural Gas Sector -HJR 154 - BLM Fluid Mineral Leasing Process Disapproval Resolution -SJR 71 -- EPA Standards of Performance for New, Reconstructed, and Modified Sources and Emissions Guidelines for Existing Sources: Oil and Natural Gas Sector -SJR 78 - BLM Fluid Mineral Leasing Process Disapproval Resolution

Client expense: — · Firm income: —

Matched citations: S. 4444

S. 52118th Congress

American Beef Labeling Act of 2023

2024 · second_quarter · Firm: WESTERN ORGANIZATION OF RESOURCE COUNCILS

Open original LDA filing ↗

Cited source text and reported amounts

-HR 5081 - Country of Origin Labeling Enforcement Act -HR 9027 - Agriculture Appropriations Bill, Packers and Stockyards Act -S 52 - American Beef Labeling Act -S. 557 - Opportunities for Fairness in Farming Act -S. 2792 - Strengthening Local Meat Economies Act

Client expense: — · Firm income: —

Matched citations: S 52

S. 557118th Congress

Opportunities for Fairness in Farming Act of 2023

2024 · second_quarter · Firm: WESTERN ORGANIZATION OF RESOURCE COUNCILS

Open original LDA filing ↗

Cited source text and reported amounts

-HR 5081 - Country of Origin Labeling Enforcement Act -HR 9027 - Agriculture Appropriations Bill, Packers and Stockyards Act -S 52 - American Beef Labeling Act -S. 557 - Opportunities for Fairness in Farming Act -S. 2792 - Strengthening Local Meat Economies Act

Client expense: — · Firm income: —

Matched citations: S. 557

Source: Senate LDA