Choice in Automobile Retail Sales Act of 2025

H.R. 3898; Promoting Efficient Review for Modern Infrastructure Today Act or the PERMIT Act - provisions related to streamlined permitting activities under the Clean Water Act for benefit of infrastructure buildout. H.R. 1687, CLEAN Act, spoke on provisions of beneficial baseload energy generation through geothermal sources. H.R. 9618, DEF Monitoring Flexibility Act, spoke on provisions related to overbearing regulations on reliable engines. H.R. 9083, State Emissions Authority Act of 2026, spoke on provision related to unnecessary mandates impacting vehicle affordability. H.R. 2165, Choice in Automobile Retail Sales Act of 2025, spoke on provisions for the necessity of consumer choice in vehicle sales. H.R. 3194, Lifting Overburdensome Commerce Obstructions and Motives Act or the LOCOMOTIVES Act, spoke on provisions related to affordability and reliability of rail systems. H.R. 6200, Eliminating Start-Stop Enging Nuisance Technologies that Impair Automobile Life Act or the ESSENTIAL Act, spoke on provisions related to reliability of vehicle engine systems. H.R. 6250, Cold Weather Diesel Reliability Act of 2025, spoke on provisions related to reliability of vehicle engine systems. H.R. 7000, Freedom to Fuel Act, spoke on provisions related to reliability of vehicle engine systems. H.R. 8782, Protecting Lifesaving Operations during Winter Storms Act or PLOW Storms Act, spoke on provisions of reliability of vehicle engine systems. Issues related to the inadvertent Clean Air Act regulations that impair the reliability and functional operation of essential modes of transportation or power trains Issues related to the benefits of consistent application of air quality standards for consumers. Issues related to abuses of CAFE emissions standards to eliminate certain technologies as a negative to consumers.

Client expense: $660,000 · Firm income: Not reported

Government targets: HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, SENATE

Issues related to motor vehicle fuel, including climate change and renewable fuels standards; S. 995, Choice in Automobile Retail Sales Act of 2025; S. 996 / H.R. 346, Preserving Choice in Vehicle Purchases Act of 2025; S. 1072, Stop CARB Act of 2025; S. 995 / H.R. 2165, Choice in Automobile Retail Sales Act of 2025; Issues related to EPA application; Clean Air Act renewable fuel program; Issues related to environmental policy.

Client expense: $3,080,000 · Firm income: Not reported

Government targets: HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, SENATE

Issues related to the health impacts of air pollution and climate change; Issues related to air pollution from stationary and mobile sources; Issues related to the Clean Air Act; Issues related to California Clean Air Act waivers; Issues related to permitting and regulatory reforms; Issues related to infrastructure; Issues related to agency restructuring; Issues relating to FY25 appropriations; Issues relating to FY26 appropriations; Issues related to implementation of the Inflation Reduction Act; Issues related to appliance efficiency; issues related to prescribed burning;; S1072 Stop California from Advancing Regulatory Burden Act; H.Con.Res.14 Establishing the congressional budget for the United States Government for fiscal year 2025 and setting forth the appropriate budgetary levels for fiscal years 2026 through 2034; S.Con.Res 7 An original concurrent resolution setting forth the congressional budget for the United States Government for fiscal year 2025 and setting forth the appropriate budgetary levels for fiscal years 2026 through 2034; S 77 Early Participation in Regulations Act; S 81 Guidance Clarity Act; HR 77 Midnight Rules Relief Act; HR 313 Natural Gas Tax Repeal Act; S 143 Natural Gas Tax Repeal Act; HR 471 Fix Our Forests; HJ Res 15/SJ Res 4 Providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Department of Energy relating to "Energy Conservation Program: Energy Conservation Standards for Commercial Water Heating Equipment"; HR 903/S 341 Smoke and Heat Ready Communities Act; S 541 Eliminating Lavish Incentives to Electric Vehicles Act; HR 1449 Energy Resilient Communities Act;; S 711 Transportation Freedom Act; HR 1651 To nullify the final rule issued by the Environmental Protection Agency relating to "New Source Performance Standards for Greenhouse Gas Emissions From New, Modified, and Reconstructed Fossil Fuel-Fired Electric Generating Units; Emission Guidelines for Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Existing Fossil Fuel-Fired Electric Generating Units; and Repeal of the Affordable Clean Energy Rule"; HR 1415/S 623 No Industrial Restrictions In Secret (No IRIS) Act; HR 2140 DERA Act 2025; S 1072 A bill to amend the Clean Air Act to eliminate a waiver under that Act, to eliminate an authorization for States to use new motor vehicle emission and new motor vehicle engine emissions standards identical to standards adopted in California, and for other purposes; HR 2165 Choice in Automobile Retail Sales (CARS) Act; HR 346 Preserving Choice in Vehicle Purchases Act; S 990 Freedom to Haul Act; HR 2288 To nullify the final rule of the Environmental Protection Agency titled "Reconsideration of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter"; ; HJ Res 30/SJ Res 14 Providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Environmental Protection Agency relating to "Phasedown of Hydrofluorocarbons: Management of Certain Hydrofluorocarbons and Substitutes Under the American Innovation and Manufacturing Act of 2020"; S 1166 Excess Urban Heat Mitigation Act; HR 4214 To require the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency to publish, concurrently with any final rule establishing or revising a national ambient air quality standard, regulations and guidance for implementing the standard, including information relating to submission and consideration of a preconstruction permit application under the new or revised standard, and for other purposes; HR 3889/S 2015 National Prescribed Fire Act; H.Res. 585 Recognizing the threat of extreme weather to childrens health and wellbeing, and expressing the sense of Congress that solutions must be rapidly and equitably developed and deployed to address the unique vulnerabilities and needs of children; HR 4443/S 2298 Asuncion Valdivia Heat Illness, Injury, and Fatality Prevention Act; S 2340/HR 4515 Climate Change Health Protection and Promotion Act of 2025; HR 4744/S 2445 Community Mental Wellness and Resilience Act; HR 161 New Source Review Permitting Improvement Act; HR HR 6387 Fire Improvement and Reforming Exceptional Events Act; HR 6409 Foreign Emissions and Nonattainment Clarification for Economic Stability Act; HR 6398 Reducing and Eliminating Duplicative Environmental Regulations Act; HR 6373 Air Permitting Improvements to Protect National Security Act; H.R. 4214 Clean Air and Building Infrastructure Improvement Act; S 2431 Department of the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2026; HR 4754 Department of the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2026; HR 4553 Energy and Water Development and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2026; HR 4776 SPEED Act; S 3529 Public Health Air Quality Act; S 3007, Diesel Truck Liberation Act; S 237 Honoring Our Fallen Heroes Act; Commerce, Justice, Science; Energy and Water Development; and Interior and Environment Appropriations Act, 2026; Protection of Lawful Commerce in Stone Slab Products Act; Home Appliance Protection and Affordability Act; Homeowner Energy Freedom Act; Energy Bills Relief Act; Promoting Reduction of Emissions through Landscaping Act; Discussion Draft of Legislation to Modernize the Toxic Substances Control Act; SHOWER Act; Affordable HOMES Act

H.R. 346/S. 996 (Preserving Choice in Vehicle Purchases Act) H.R. 2165 (Choice in Automobile Retail Sales (CARS) Act) Guidance regarding Greenhouse Gas Emissions Standards for Heavy-Duty Vehicles Phase 3 (GHG3) final rule and the Clean Trucks Plans 2022 Heavy-Duty Nitrous Oxide (NOx) EPAs rescinding the Obama endangerment finding that recategorized greenhouse gases as posing a threat to public health and welfare under the Clean Air Act

Client expense: Not reported · Firm income: $21,000

Government targets: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, SENATE, Small Business Administration (SBA)

Issues related to motor vehicle fuel, including climate change and renewable fuels standards; S. 995, Choice in Automobile Retail Sales Act of 2025; S. 996 / H.R. 346, Preserving Choice in Vehicle Purchases Act of 2025; S. 1072, Stop CARB Act of 2025; S. 995 / H.R.2165, Choice in Automobile Retail Sales Act of 2025; Issues related to EPA application; Clean Air Act renewable fuel program.

Client expense: $1,940,000 · Firm income: Not reported

Government targets: HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, SENATE

Autonomous vehicle regulations and legislation ("The SELF DRIVE Act") (No bill) Legislative proposals combating catalytic converter theft (H.R. 5221/S.2238, "The Preventing Auto Recycling Theft Act") Legislation affecting alternative fuel vehicles: -H.R. 2165/S. 995, "The Choice in Automobile Retail Sales Act of 2025" -H.R. 346/S. 996, "The Preserving Choice in Vehicle Purchases Act" -H.R. 2814/S.711, "The Transportation Freedom Act" -H.R. 4754, "Department of the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2026" Legislation affecting the EPA's waivers to California Air Resource's Board (H.R. 2218/S. 1072, "The Stop CARB Act," H.J.Res. 87/S.J.Res. 46, H.J.Res. 88/S.J.Res. 45) Proposals affecting cybersecurity risks to vehicle safety Proposals regarding Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS) Proposals and legislation affecting Corporate Average Fuel Economy and vehicle greenhouse gas emissions Legislation affecting access to vehicle data and so-called "Right to Repair" (H.R. 1566/S. 1379, "The REPAIR Act", H.R.6687, "DRIVER Act") Proposals regarding tariffs on autos or autos parts Legislation regarding the grounding of recalled vehicles (S. 2956, "Used Car Safety Recall Repair Act") Proposals regarding patent infringement allegations Legislation regarding the sale of optional safety features ("Safety Is Not for Sale Act of 2026") (No bill)

Client expense: $1,421,000 · Firm income: Not reported

Issues related to the health impacts of air pollution and climate change; Issues related to air pollution from stationary and mobile sources; Issues related to the Clean Air Act; Issues related to California Clean Air Act waivers; Issues related to permitting and regulatory reforms; Issues related to infrastructure; Issues related to agency restructuring; Issues relating to FY25 appropriations; Issues relating to FY26 appropriations; Issues related to implementation of the Inflation Reduction Act; Issues related to appliance efficiency; issues related to prescribed burning;; S1072 Stop California from Advancing Regulatory Burden Act; H.Con.Res.14 Establishing the congressional budget for the United States Government for fiscal year 2025 and setting forth the appropriate budgetary levels for fiscal years 2026 through 2034; S.Con.Res 7 An original concurrent resolution setting forth the congressional budget for the United States Government for fiscal year 2025 and setting forth the appropriate budgetary levels for fiscal years 2026 through 2034; S 77 Early Participation in Regulations Act; S 81 Guidance Clarity Act; HR 77 Midnight Rules Relief Act; HR 313 Natural Gas Tax Repeal Act; S 143 Natural Gas Tax Repeal Act; HR 471 Fix Our Forests; HJ Res 15/SJ Res 4 Providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Department of Energy relating to "Energy Conservation Program: Energy Conservation Standards for Commercial Water Heating Equipment"; HR 903/S 341 Smoke and Heat Ready Communities Act; S 541 Eliminating Lavish Incentives to Electric Vehicles Act; HR 1449 Energy Resilient Communities Act;; S 711 Transportation Freedom Act; HR 1651 To nullify the final rule issued by the Environmental Protection Agency relating to "New Source Performance Standards for Greenhouse Gas Emissions From New, Modified, and Reconstructed Fossil Fuel-Fired Electric Generating Units; Emission Guidelines for Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Existing Fossil Fuel-Fired Electric Generating Units; and Repeal of the Affordable Clean Energy Rule"; HR 1415/S 623 No Industrial Restrictions In Secret (No IRIS) Act; HR 2140 DERA Act 2025; S 1072 A bill to amend the Clean Air Act to eliminate a waiver under that Act, to eliminate an authorization for States to use new motor vehicle emission and new motor vehicle engine emissions standards identical to standards adopted in California, and for other purposes; HR 2165 Choice in Automobile Retail Sales (CARS) Act; HR 346 Preserving Choice in Vehicle Purchases Act; S 990 Freedom to Haul Act; HR 2288 To nullify the final rule of the Environmental Protection Agency titled "Reconsideration of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter"; ; HJ Res 30/SJ Res 14 Providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Environmental Protection Agency relating to "Phasedown of Hydrofluorocarbons: Management of Certain Hydrofluorocarbons and Substitutes Under the American Innovation and Manufacturing Act of 2020"; S 1166 Excess Urban Heat Mitigation Act; HR 4214 To require the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency to publish, concurrently with any final rule establishing or revising a national ambient air quality standard, regulations and guidance for implementing the standard, including information relating to submission and consideration of a preconstruction permit application under the new or revised standard, and for other purposes; HR 3889/S 2015 National Prescribed Fire Act; H.Res. 585 Recognizing the threat of extreme weather to childrens health and wellbeing, and expressing the sense of Congress that solutions must be rapidly and equitably developed and deployed to address the unique vulnerabilities and needs of children; HR 4443/S 2298 Asuncion Valdivia Heat Illness, Injury, and Fatality Prevention Act; S 2340/HR 4515 Climate Change Health Protection and Promotion Act of 2025; HR 4744/S 2445 Community Mental Wellness and Resilience Act; HR 161 New Source Review Permitting Improvement Act; HR HR 6387 Fire Improvement and Reforming Exceptional Events Act; HR 6409 Foreign Emissions and Nonattainment Clarification for Economic Stability Act; HR 6398 Reducing and Eliminating Duplicative Environmental Regulations Act; HR 6373 Air Permitting Improvements to Protect National Security Act; H.R. 4214 Clean Air and Building Infrastructure Improvement Act; HR 5371 Continuing Appropriations and Extensions Act, 2026; HR 5450 Continuing Appropriations and Extensions and Other Matters Act, 2026; S 2882 Continuing Appropriations and Extensions and Other Matters Act, 2026; S 2431 Department of the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2026; HR 4754 Department of the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2026; HR 4553 Energy and Water Development and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2026; HR 4776 SPEED Act; S 3529 Public Health Air Quality Act; S 3007, Diesel Truck Liberation Act; S 237 Honoring Our Fallen Heroes Act

H.R. 346/S. 996 (Preserving Choice in Vehicle Purchases Act) H.R. 2165 (Choice in Automobile Retail Sales (CARS) Act) Guidance regarding Greenhouse Gas Emissions Standards for Heavy-Duty Vehicles Phase 3 (GHG3) final rule and the Clean Trucks Plans 2022 Heavy-Duty Nitrous Oxide (NOx)

Client expense: Not reported · Firm income: $22,000

Government targets: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, SENATE, Small Business Administration (SBA)

H.R. 2165 & S. 995: CARS Act (tailpipe); H.R. 161 New Source Review Permitting Improvement Act; EPA RFS Set 2 Proposed Rule; Sustainable Aviation Fuel; Vehicle Emissions; Vehicle Emissions; Fuel Prices and Petroleum Markets; H.R. 5636, S. 2742 Protect Consumers from Reallocation Costs Act of 2025; H.R. 1346, S.593 To amend the Clean Air Act with respect to the ethanol waiver for Reid Vapor Pressure; State Polluter Pays Retroactive Penalty provisions and related issues; S. 881 Renewable Fuel for Ocean-Going Vessels Act; 45Z Tax Credit; H.R. 346, S.996 Preserving Choice in Vehicle Purchases Act

Client expense: $1,650,000 · Firm income: Not reported

H.R. 2165 & S. 995: CARS Act (tailpipe); Sustainable Aviation Fuel; Railroad Mergers and Acquisitions; Surface Transportation Board Reforms; Vehicle Emissions; H.R. 5636, S. 2742 Protect Consumers from Reallocation Costs Act of 2025; Surface Transportation Reauthorization; S. 881 Renewable Fuel for Ocean-Going Vessels Act; H.R. 346, S.996 Preserving Choice in Vehicle Purchases Act; EPA RFS Set 2 Proposed Rule

Client expense: $1,650,000 · Firm income: Not reported

Government targets: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, SENATE

Autonomous vehicle regulations and legislation ("The SELF DRIVE Act") (No bill) Legislative proposals combating catalytic converter theft (H.R. 5221/S.2238, "The Preventing Auto Recycling Theft Act") Legislation affecting alternative fuel vehicles: -H.R. 2165/S. 995, "The Choice in Automobile Retail Sales Act of 2025" -H.R. 346/S. 996, "The Preserving Choice in Vehicle Purchases Act" -H.R. 2814/S.711, "The Transportation Freedom Act" -H.R. 4754, "Department of the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2026" Legislation affecting the EPA's waivers to California Air Resource's Board (H.R. 2218/S. 1072, "The Stop CARB Act," H.J.Res. 87/S.J.Res. 46, H.J.Res. 88/S.J.Res. 45) Proposals affecting cybersecurity risks to vehicle safety Proposals regarding Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS) Proposals and legislation affecting Corporate Average Fuel Economy and vehicle greenhouse gas emissions (H.R. 1, "One Big Beautiful Bill Act") Legislation affecting access to vehicle data and so-called "Right to Repair" (H.R. 1566/S. 1379, "The REPAIR Act") Proposals regarding tariffs on autos or autos parts Legislation regarding the grounding of recalled vehicles (S. 2956)

Client expense: $1,608,000 · Firm income: Not reported

Issues related to motor vehicle fuel, including climate change and renewable fuels standards; S. 995, Choice in Automobile Retail Sales Act of 2025; S. 996, / H.R. 346, Preserving Choice in Vehicle Purchases Act of 2025; S. 1072, Stop CARB Act of 2025; S. 995 / H.R.2165, Choice in Automobile Retail Sales Act of 2025.

Client expense: $2,310,000 · Firm income: Not reported

Government targets: HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, SENATE

Issues related to the health impacts of air pollution and climate change; Issues related to air pollution from stationary and mobile sources; Issues related to the Clean Air Act; Issues related to California Clean Air Act waivers; Issues related to permitting and regulatory reforms; Issues related to infrastructure; Issues related to agency restructuring; Issues relating to FY25 appropriations; Issues relating to FY26 appropriations; Issues related to implementation of the Inflation Reduction Act; Issues related to appliance efficiency; issues related to prescribed burning;; S1072 Stop California from Advancing Regulatory Burden Act; H.Con.Res.14 Establishing the congressional budget for the United States Government for fiscal year 2025 and setting forth the appropriate budgetary levels for fiscal years 2026 through 2034; S.Con.Res 7 An original concurrent resolution setting forth the congressional budget for the United States Government for fiscal year 2025 and setting forth the appropriate budgetary levels for fiscal years 2026 through 2034; S 77 Early Participation in Regulations Act; S 81 Guidance Clarity Act; HR 77 Midnight Rules Relief Act; HR 313 Natural Gas Tax Repeal Act; S 143 Natural Gas Tax Repeal Act; HR 471 Fix Our Forests; HJ Res 15/SJ Res 4 Providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Department of Energy relating to "Energy Conservation Program: Energy Conservation Standards for Commercial Water Heating Equipment"; HR 903/S 341 Smoke and Heat Ready Communities Act; S 541 Eliminating Lavish Incentives to Electric Vehicles Act; HR 1449 Energy Resilient Communities Act;; S 711 Transportation Freedom Act; HR 1651 To nullify the final rule issued by the Environmental Protection Agency relating to "New Source Performance Standards for Greenhouse Gas Emissions From New, Modified, and Reconstructed Fossil Fuel-Fired Electric Generating Units; Emission Guidelines for Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Existing Fossil Fuel-Fired Electric Generating Units; and Repeal of the Affordable Clean Energy Rule"; HR 1415/S 623 No Industrial Restrictions In Secret (No IRIS) Act; HR 2140 DERA Act 2025; S 1072 A bill to amend the Clean Air Act to eliminate a waiver under that Act, to eliminate an authorization for States to use new motor vehicle emission and new motor vehicle engine emissions standards identical to standards adopted in California, and for other purposes; HR 2165 Choice in Automobile Retail Sales (CARS) Act; HR 346 Preserving Choice in Vehicle Purchases Act; S 990 Freedom to Haul Act; HR 2288 To nullify the final rule of the Environmental Protection Agency titled "Reconsideration of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter"; ; HJ Res 30/SJ Res 14 Providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Environmental Protection Agency relating to "Phasedown of Hydrofluorocarbons: Management of Certain Hydrofluorocarbons and Substitutes Under the American Innovation and Manufacturing Act of 2020"; S 1166 Excess Urban Heat Mitigation Act; HR 4214 To require the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency to publish, concurrently with any final rule establishing or revising a national ambient air quality standard, regulations and guidance for implementing the standard, including information relating to submission and consideration of a preconstruction permit application under the new or revised standard, and for other purposes; HR 3889/S 2015 National Prescribed Fire Act; HR 1 One Big Beautiful Bill Act; H.Res. 585 Recognizing the threat of extreme weather to childrens health and wellbeing, and expressing the sense of Congress that solutions must be rapidly and equitably developed and deployed to address the unique vulnerabilities and needs of children; HR 4443/S 2298 Asuncion Valdivia Heat Illness, Injury, and Fatality Prevention Act; S 2340/HR 4515 Climate Change Health Protection and Promotion Act of 2025; HR 4744/S 2445 Community Mental Wellness and Resilience Act; HR 161 New Source Review Permitting Improvement Act; HR Fire Improvement and Reforming Exceptional Events Act; Foreign Emissions and Nonattainment Clarification for Economic Stability Act; HR Reducing and Eliminating Duplicative Environmental Regulations Act; HR Air Permitting Improvements to Protect National Security Act; HR 5371 Continuing Appropriations and Extensions Act, 2026; HR 5450 Continuing Appropriations and Extensions and Other Matters Act, 2026; S 2882 Continuing Appropriations and Extensions and Other Matters Act, 2026; S 2431 Department of the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2026; HR 4754 Department of the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2026; HR 4553 Energy and Water Development and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2026

H.R. 346/S. 996 (Preserving Choice in Vehicle Purchases Act) H.R. 2165 (Choice in Automobile Retail Sales (CARS) Act) Guidance regarding Greenhouse Gas Emissions Standards for Heavy-Duty Vehicles Phase 3 (GHG3) final rule and the Clean Trucks Plans 2022 Heavy-Duty Nitrous Oxide (NOx)

Client expense: Not reported · Firm income: $22,000

Government targets: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, SENATE, Small Business Administration (SBA)

H.R. 2165 & S. 995: CARS Act (tailpipe); LDV/MDV Rule; HDV Rule; NHTSA CAFE Standards; Sustainable Aviation Fuel; Vehicle Emissions; Fuel Prices and Petroleum Markets; H.r. 1346, S.593 To amend the Clean Air Act with respect to the ethanol waiver for Reid Vapor Pressure under that act, and for other purposes; State Polluter Pays Retroactive Penalty provisions and related issues; H.J. Res 87, S.J. Res. 46 Heavy Duty Vehicle CRA, OMNIBUS Low Nox CRA, 45Z Tax Credit, California Waiver ACCII CRA

Client expense: $1,110,000 · Firm income: Not reported

H.R. 2165 & S. 995: CARS Act (tailpipe); LDV/MDV Rule; HDV Rule; California Waiver, NHTSA CAFE Standards; Sustainable Aviation Fuel; Vehicle Emissions; H.R. 1346, S. 593: To Amend Clean Air Act; 45Z Tax Credit; S.J. Res 45, H.J Res 88: California Waiver; H.R. 346, S. 996: Preserving Choice in Vehicle Purchases Act

Client expense: $1,110,000 · Firm income: Not reported

Government targets: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, SENATE

Autonomous vehicle regulations and legislation ("The SELF DRIVE Act") (No bill) Legislative proposals combating catalytic converter theft (S.2238, "The Preventing Auto Recycling Theft Act") Legislation affecting alternative fuel vehicles: -H.R. 2165/S. 995, "The Choice in Automobile Retail Sales Act of 2025" -H.R. 346/S. 996, "The Preserving Choice in Vehicle Purchases Act" -H.R. 2814/S.711, "The Transportation Freedom Act" Legislation affecting the EPA's waivers to California Air Resource's Board (H.R. 2218/S. 1072, "The Stop CARB Act," H.J.Res. 87/S.J.Res. 46, H.J.Res. 88/S.J.Res. 45, H.J.Res. 89/S.J.Res. 47) Proposals affecting cybersecurity risks to vehicle safety Proposals regarding Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS) Proposals and legislation affecting Corporate Average Fuel Economy and vehicle greenhouse gas emissions (H.R. 1, "One Big Beautiful Bill Act") Legislation affecting access to vehicle data and so-called "Right to Repair" (H.R. 1566/S. 1379, "The REPAIR Act") Proposals regarding tariffs on autos or autos parts

Client expense: $1,322,000 · Firm income: Not reported

Issues related to the health impacts of air pollution and climate change; Issues related to air pollution from stationary and mobile sources; Issues related to the Clean Air Act; Issues related to California Clean Air Act waivers; Issues related to permitting and regulatory reforms; Issues related to infrastructure; Issues related to agency restructuring; Issues relating to FY25 appropriations; Issues relating to FY26 appropriations; Issues related to implementation of the Inflation Reduction Act; Issues related to appliance efficiency; issues related to prescribed burning;; S1072 Stop California from Advancing Regulatory Burden Act; H.Con.Res.14 Establishing the congressional budget for the United States Government for fiscal year 2025 and setting forth the appropriate budgetary levels for fiscal years 2026 through 2034; S.Con.Res 7 An original concurrent resolution setting forth the congressional budget for the United States Government for fiscal year 2025 and setting forth the appropriate budgetary levels for fiscal years 2026 through 2034; S 77 Early Participation in Regulations Act; S 81 Guidance Clarity Act; HR 77 Midnight Rules Relief Act; HR 313 Natural Gas Tax Repeal Act; S 143 Natural Gas Tax Repeal Act; HR 471 Fix Our Forests; HJ Res 15/SJ Res 4 Providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Department of Energy relating to "Energy Conservation Program: Energy Conservation Standards for Commercial Water Heating Equipment"; HR 903/S 341 Smoke and Heat Ready Communities Act; S 541 Eliminating Lavish Incentives to Electric Vehicles Act; HR 1449 Energy Resilient Communities Act;; S 711 Transportation Freedom Act; HR 1651 To nullify the final rule issued by the Environmental Protection Agency relating to "New Source Performance Standards for Greenhouse Gas Emissions From New, Modified, and Reconstructed Fossil Fuel-Fired Electric Generating Units; Emission Guidelines for Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Existing Fossil Fuel-Fired Electric Generating Units; and Repeal of the Affordable Clean Energy Rule"; HR 1415/S 623 No Industrial Restrictions In Secret (No IRIS) Act; HR 2140 DERA Act 2025; S 1072 A bill to amend the Clean Air Act to eliminate a waiver under that Act, to eliminate an authorization for States to use new motor vehicle emission and new motor vehicle engine emissions standards identical to standards adopted in California, and for other purposes; HR 2165 Choice in Automobile Retail Sales (CARS) Act; HR 346 Preserving Choice in Vehicle Purchases Act; S 990 Freedom to Haul Act; HR 2288 To nullify the final rule of the Environmental Protection Agency titled "Reconsideration of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter"; ; HJ Res 30/SJ Res 14 Providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Environmental Protection Agency relating to "Phasedown of Hydrofluorocarbons: Management of Certain Hydrofluorocarbons and Substitutes Under the American Innovation and Manufacturing Act of 2020"; S 1166 Excess Urban Heat Mitigation Act; SJ Res 47/HJ Res 89 A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Environmental Protection Agency relating to "California State Motor Vehicle and Engine and Nonroad Engine Pollution Control Standards; The 'Omnibus' Low NOx Regulation; Waiver of Preemption; Notice of Decision"; SJ Res 46/HJ Res 87; A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Environmental Protection Agency relating to "California State Motor Vehicle and Engine Pollution Control Standards; Heavy-Duty Vehicle and Engine Emission Warranty and Maintenance Provisions; Advanced Clean Trucks; Zero Emission Airport Shuttle; Zero-Emission Power Train Certification; Waiver of Preemption; Notice of Decision"; SJ Res 45/HJ Res 88 A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Environmental Protection Agency relating to "California State Motor Vehicle and Engine Pollution Control Standards; Advanced Clean Cars II; Waiver of Preemption; Notice of Decision"; HR 4214 To require the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency to publish, concurrently with any final rule establishing or revising a national ambient air quality standard, regulations and guidance for implementing the standard, including information relating to submission and consideration of a preconstruction permit application under the new or revised standard, and for other purposes; HR 3889/S 2015 National Prescribed Fire Act; HR 1 One Big Beautiful Bill Act

Issues related to motor vehicle fuel, including climate change and renewable fuels standards; Clean Air Act renewable fuel program; H.J.Res. 87 / S.J.Res. 46, Providing congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Environmental Protection Agency relating to "California State Motor Vehicle and Engine Pollution Control Standards; Heavy-Duty Vehicle and Engine Emission Warranty and Maintenance Provisions; Advanced Clean Trucks; Zero Emission Airport Shuttle; Zero-Emission Power Train Certification; Waiver of Preemption; Notice of Decision"; H.J.Res. 89 / S.J.Res.47, Providing congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Environmental Protection Agency relating to "California State Motor Vehicle and Engine and Nonroad Engine Pollution Control Standards; The 'Omnibus' Low NOX Regulation; Waiver of Preemption; Notice of Decision"; H.J.Res. 88 / S.J.Res. 45, Providing congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Environmental Protection Agency relating to "California State Motor Vehicle and Engine Pollution Control Standards; Advanced Clean Cars II; Waiver of Preemption; Notice of Decision"; S. 995, Choice in Automobile Retail Sales Act of 2025; S. 996, / H.R. 346, Preserving Choice in Vehicle Purchases Act of 2025; S. 1072, Stop CARB Act of 2025; S. 995 / H.R.2165, Choice in Automobile Retail Sales Act of 2025.

Client expense: $2,300,000 · Firm income: Not reported

H.R. 2165; Choice in Automobile Retails Sales Act of 2025 - Provisions related to the negative implications of mandates on the passenger and commercial vehicle segments. H.J. Res 89; Providing congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Environmental Protection Agency relating to "California State Motor Vehicle and Engine and Nonroad Engine Pollution Control Standards; The 'Omnibus' Low NOX Regulation; Waiver of Preemption; Notice of Decision". - Provisions related to consumer choice in vehicle purchases and negative ramifications of government coercion in consumer and commercial vehicle segments. H.J. Res 88; Providing congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Environmental Protection Agency relating to "California State Motor Vehicle and Engine Pollution Control Standards; Advanced Clean Cars II; Waiver of Preemption; Notice of Decision". Provisions related overturning burdensome EPA regulations and the provisions that unfairly favor green industry and CA. Provisions related to consumer choice in vehicle purchases and negative ramifications of government coercion in consumer and commercial vehicle segments. H.J. Res 87; Providing congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Environmental Protection Agency relating to "California State Motor Vehicle and Engine Pollution Control Standards; Heavy-Duty Vehicle and Engine Emission Warranty and Maintenance Provisions; Advanced Clean Trucks; Zero Emission Airport Shuttle; Zero-Emission Power Train Certification; Waiver of Preemption; Notice of Decision". Provisions related to consumer choice in vehicle purchases and negative ramifications of government coercion in consumer and commercial vehicle segments. S.J. Res. 47; A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Environmental Protection Agency relating to "California State Motor Vehicle and Engine and Nonroad Engine Pollution Control Standards; The 'Omnibus' Low NOx Regulation; Waiver of Preemption; Notice of Decision" - Provisions related to the benefits of consumer choice in vehicle purchases and options. S.J. Res. 46; A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Environmental Protection Agency relating to "California State Motor Vehicle and Engine Pollution Control Standards; Heavy-Duty Vehicle and Engine Emission Warranty and Maintenance Provisions; Advanced Clean Trucks; Zero Emission Airport Shuttle; Zero-Emission Power Train Certification; Waiver of Preemption; Notice of Decision," - Provisions related to the benefits of vehicle choice for consumers in the marketplace. S.J. Res. 45; A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Environmental Protection Agency relating to "California State Motor Vehicle and Engine Pollution Control Standards; Advanced Clean Cars II; Waiver of Preemption; Notice of Decision," Spoke to provisions of consumer choice in vehicle purchases in the marketplace. Issues related to the negative implications of government coercion of auto-manufacturers to meet certain mileage standards that may not be technologically or economically feasible within mandated timelines. Issues related to the consumer choice on vehicle purchases and stopping over government mandates exclusive to certain product segments. Issues related to the need for baseload hydropower systems for electric grid reliability.

S.J. Res. 45; A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Environmental Protection Agency relating to "California State Motor Vehicle and Engine Pollution Control Standards; Advanced Clean Cars II; Waiver of Preemption; Notice of Decision," spoke to provisions of consumer choice in vehicle purchases in the marketplace. S.J.Res.46; A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Environmental Protection Agency relating to "California State Motor Vehicle and Engine Pollution Control Standards; Heavy-Duty Vehicle and Engine Emission Warranty and Maintenance Provisions; Advanced Clean Trucks; Zero Emission Airport Shuttle; Zero-Emission Power Train Certification; Waiver of Preemption; Notice of Decision," - provisions related to the benefits of vehicle choice for consumers in the marketplace. S.J.Res.47; - A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Environmental Protection Agency relating to "California State Motor Vehicle and Engine and Nonroad Engine Pollution Control Standards; The 'Omnibus' Low NOx Regulation; Waiver of Preemption; Notice of Decision" - provisions related to the benefits of consumer choice in vehicle purchases and options. H.R. 1949; Unlocking our Domestic LNG Potential Act of 2025 - provisions related to the benefits of domestic energy production for consumers. H.R. 1949; Unlocking our Domestic LNG Potential Act of 2025 - provisions related to the benefits of LNG exports of clean American gas. H.R. 3632; Power Plant Reliability Act of 2025 - provisions on necessity of grid reliability and flexibility in power production. H.R.1949; Unlocking our Domestic LNG Potential Act of 2025 - provisions provisions related to the benefits of domestic and international exports of liquified natural gas and energy security. H.R. 3699; The Energy Choice Act - provisions as it relates to preventing states from limiting access to intrer-state energy sources. H.R. 513; Offshore Lands Authorities Act of 2025 - provisions related to the necessity of productivity in offshore leasing processes in the outer continental shelf for reliable energy supply. H. Con. Res. 14; Establishing the congressional budget for the United States Government for fiscal year 2025 and setting forth the appropriate budgetary levels for fiscal years 2026 through 2034. - provisions related to the 2025 Budget Reconciliation, specifically extending all Individual Tax Rates, rejecting Any Corporate Tax Increase, maintaining Tax Simplification, and ending Corporate Welfare from the Tax Cut and Jobs Act (TCJA). H.R. 2165; Choice in Automobile Retails Sales Act of 2025 - provisions on the negative implications of mandates on the passenger and commercial vehicle segments. H.J. Res 87; Providing congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Environmental Protection Agency relating to "California State Motor Vehicle and Engine Pollution Control Standards; Heavy-Duty Vehicle and Engine Emission Warranty and Maintenance Provisions; Advanced Clean Trucks; Zero Emission Airport Shuttle; Zero-Emission Power Train Certification; Waiver of Preemption; Notice of Decision". It relates to overturning burdensome EPA regulations and the provisions that unfairly favor green industry and CA. H.J. Res 88; Providing congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Environmental Protection Agency relating to "California State Motor Vehicle and Engine Pollution Control Standards; Advanced Clean Cars II; Waiver of Preemption; Notice of Decision". Provisions related overturning burdensome EPA regulations and the provisions that unfairly favor green industry and CA. H.J. Res. 61, Providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Environmental Protection Agency relating to "National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants: Rubber Tire Manufacturing". - provisions related to costly burdensome reporting requirements that increase costs to consumers. J.J. Res 89; Providing congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Environmental Protection Agency relating to "California State Motor Vehicle and Engine and Nonroad Engine Pollution Control Standards; The 'Omnibus' Low NOX Regulation; Waiver of Preemption; Notice of Decision". - provisons related to as it relates to overturning burdensome EPA regulations and the provisions that unfairly favor green industry and CA. Issues related to the negative effects of premature retirement of certain modes of energy transportation by certain states hurting consumers. Issues related to Res. 88, Res. 87 and Res. 89 and the negative effects of premature retirement of certain modes of energy transportation by certain states hurting consumers. Issues related to interior appropriations and finding ways to provide accountability to the EPA on direction of funds from FY 24 appropriations. Issues related to hydrogen power and the 45V credit that was part of the Inflation Reduction Act. Issues related to the reintroduction of the Energy Choice Act (H.R. 6089) in the House and finding a Senate companion. Issues relating to energy production and American energy abundance. Issues related to hosting a public lands purchasing event in UT and reconciliation. Issues related to eliminating electric vehicle tax credits. Issues related to the need for baseload hydropower systems for electric grid reliability.

H.R. 346/S. 996 (Preserving Choice in Vehicle Purchases Act) H.R. 2165 (Choice in Automobile Retail Sales (CARS) Act)

Client expense: Not reported · Firm income: $20,000

Government targets: HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, SENATE

H.R. 2165 & S. 995: CARS Act (tailpipe); LDV/MDV Rule; HDV Rule; California Waiver, NHTSA CAFE Standards; Sustainable Aviation Fuel; Vehicle Emissions; H.R. 1346, S. 593 To Amend Clean Air Act; Fuel Prices and Petroleum Markets; 45Z Tax Credit

Client expense: $1,800,000 · Firm income: Not reported

Government targets: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, SENATE

H.R. 2165 & S. 995: CARS Act (tailpipe); LDV/MDV Rule; HDV Rule; California Waiver, NHTSA CAFE Standards; Sustainable Aviation Fuel; Vehicle Emissions; H.R. 1346, S. 593: To Amend Clean Air Act; 45Z Tax Credit; S.J. Res 45, H.J Res 88: California Waiver; H.R. 346, S. 996: Preserving Choice in Vehicle Purchases Act

Client expense: $1,800,000 · Firm income: Not reported

Government targets: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, SENATE

Autonomous vehicle regulations and legislation ("The SELF DRIVE Act") (No bill) Legislative proposals combatting catalytic converter theft (No bill) Legislation affecting alternative fuel vehicles: -H.R. 2165/S. 995, "The CARS Act" -H.R. 346/S. 996, "The Preserving Choice in Vehicle Purchases Act" -S.711, "The Transportation Freedom Act" Legislation affecting the EPA's waiver to California Air Resource's Board (H.R. 2218/S. 1072, "The Stop CARB Act") Proposals affecting cybersecurity risks to vehicle safety Proposals regarding Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS) Proposals affecting Corporate Average Fuel Economy and vehicle greenhouse gas emissions Legislative proposals affecting access to vehicle data and so-called "Right to Repair" (H.R. 1566, "The REPAIR Act") Legislative proposals to stop the costly and rushed FTC "Vehicle Shopping Rule" (no bill) Proposals regarding tariffs on autos or autos parts

Client expense: $1,127,000 · Firm income: Not reported

Issues related to the health impacts of air pollution and climate change; Issues related to air pollution from stationary and mobile sources; Issues related to the Clean Air Act; Issues related to California Clean Air Act waivers; Issues related to permitting and regulatory reforms; Issues related to infrastructure; Issues related to agency restructuring; Issues relating to FY25 appropriations; Issues relating to FY26 appropriations; Issues related to implementation of the Inflation Reduction Act; Issues related to appliance efficiency; issues related to prescribed burning; HR 1968 Full-Year Continuing Appropriations and Extension Act of 2025; S1072 Stop California from Advancing Regulatory Burden Act; H.Con.Res.14 Establishing the congressional budget for the United States Government for fiscal year 2025 and setting forth the appropriate budgetary levels for fiscal years 2026 through 2034; S.Con.Res 7 An original concurrent resolution setting forth the congressional budget for the United States Government for fiscal year 2025 and setting forth the appropriate budgetary levels for fiscal years 2026 through 2034; S 77 Early Participation in Regulations Act; S 81 Guidance Clarity Act; HR 77 Midnight Rules Relief Act; HR 313 Natural Gas Tax Repeal Act; S 143 Natural Gas Tax Repeal Act; HR 471 Fix Our Forests; HJ Res 15/SJ Res 4 Providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Department of Energy relating to "Energy Conservation Program: Energy Conservation Standards for Commercial Water Heating Equipment"; HR 903 To amend the Clean Air Act to establish a grant program for supporting local communities in detecting, preparing for, communicating about, or mitigating the environmental and public health impacts of wildfire smoke and extreme heat, and for other purposes.; HR 903/S 341 Smoke and Heat Ready Communities Act; S 541 Eliminating Lavish Incentives to Electric Vehicles Act; HR 1449 Energy Resilient Communities Act; HJ Res 35/SJ Res 12 Providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Environmental Protection Agency relating to "Waste Emissions Charge for Petroleum and Natural Gas Systems: Procedures for Facilitating Compliance, Including Netting and Exemptions"; S 711 Transportation Freedom Act; HR 1651 To nullify the final rule issued by the Environmental Protection Agency relating to "New Source Performance Standards for Greenhouse Gas Emissions From New, Modified, and Reconstructed Fossil Fuel-Fired Electric Generating Units; Emission Guidelines for Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Existing Fossil Fuel-Fired Electric Generating Units; and Repeal of the Affordable Clean Energy Rule"; HR 1415/S 623 No Industrial Restrictions In Secret (No IRIS) Act; SJ Res 31/HJ Res 79 Providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Environmental Protection Agency relating to "Review of Final Rule Reclassification of Major Sources as Area Sources Under Section 112 of the Clean Air Act".; HR 2140 DERA Act 2025; S 1072 A bill to amend the Clean Air Act to eliminate a waiver under that Act, to eliminate an authorization for States to use new motor vehicle emission and new motor vehicle engine emissions standards identical to standards adopted in California, and for other purposes; HR 2165 Choice in Automobile Retail Sales (CARS) Act; HR 346 Preserving Choice in Vehicle Purchases Act; S 990 Freedom to Haul Act; HR 2288 To nullify the final rule of the Environmental Protection Agency titled "Reconsideration of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter"; HJ Res 24 Providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Department of Energy relating to "Energy Conservation Program: Energy Conservation Standards for Walk-In Coolers and Walk-In Freezers"; HJ Res 75 Providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Department of Energy relating to "Energy Conservation Program: Energy Conservation Standards for Commercial Refrigerators, Freezers, and Refrigerator-Freezers"; HJ Res 61/SJ Res 24 Providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Environmental Protection Agency relating to "National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants: Rubber Tire Manufacturing"; HJ Res 20 Providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Department of Energy relating to "Energy Conservation Program: Energy Conservation Standards for Consumer Gas-fired Instantaneous Water Heaters"; HJ Res 30/SJ Res 14 Providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Environmental Protection Agency relating to "Phasedown of Hydrofluorocarbons: Management of Certain Hydrofluorocarbons and Substitutes Under the American Innovation and Manufacturing Act of 2020"; S 1166 Excess Urban Heat Mitigation Act

Issues related to motor vehicle fuel, including climate change and renewable fuels standards; Clean Air Act renewable fuel program; H.J.Res. 87 / S.J.Res. 46, Providing congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Environmental Protection Agency relating to "California State Motor Vehicle and Engine Pollution Control Standards; Heavy-Duty Vehicle and Engine Emission Warranty and Maintenance Provisions; Advanced Clean Trucks; Zero Emission Airport Shuttle; Zero-Emission Power Train Certification; Waiver of Preemption; Notice of Decision"; H.J.Res. 89 / S.J.Res.47, Providing congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Environmental Protection Agency relating to "California State Motor Vehicle and Engine and Nonroad Engine Pollution Control Standards; The 'Omnibus' Low NOX Regulation; Waiver of Preemption; Notice of Decision"; H.J.Res. 88 / S.J.Res. 45, Providing congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Environmental Protection Agency relating to "California State Motor Vehicle and Engine Pollution Control Standards; Advanced Clean Cars II; Waiver of Preemption; Notice of Decision"; S. 995, Choice in Automobile Retail Sales Act of 2025; S. 996, / H.R. 346, Preserving Choice in Vehicle Purchases Act of 2025; S. 1072, Stop CARB Act of 2025; S. 995 / H.R.2165, Choice in Automobile Retail Sales Act of 2025.

Client expense: $2,770,000 · Firm income: Not reported

H.R. 346/S. 996 (Preserving Choice in Vehicle Purchases Act) H.R. 2165 (Choice in Automobile Retail Sales (CARS) Act)

Client expense: Not reported · Firm income: $30,000

Government targets: HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, SENATE